\(\require{cancel}\require{extpfeil} \newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}} \newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} \newcommand{\Q}{\mathbb{Q}} \newcommand{\N}{\mathbb{N}} \newcommand{\Complex}{\mathbb{C}} \newcommand{\D}{\mathbb{D}} \newcommand{\Prob}[1]{\mathbb{P}\left(#1\right)} \newcommand{\Probc}[2]{\mathbb{P}\left(#1~\left|\right .~#2\right)} \newcommand{\E}[1]{\mathbb{E}\left(#1\right)} \newcommand{\Ec}[2]{\mathbb{E}\left(#1~\left|\right .~#2\right)} \newcommand{\indicator}[1]{1{\hskip -2.5 pt}\hbox{I}_{\left\{ {#1} \right\} }} \newcommand{\pfrac}[2]{\left(\frac{#1}{#2}\right)} \newcommand{\RH}{\overset{\text{\scalebox{0.8}{ R.H.}}}{=}} \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\left\|#1\right\|} \newcommand{\abs}[1]{\left|#1\right|} \newcommand{\vecl}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \newcommand{\vecd}[2]{\begin{pmatrix}#1 \\ #2\end{pmatrix}} \newcommand{\vecddd}[3]{\begin{pmatrix}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3\end{pmatrix}} \newcommand{\pscal}[2]{\vecl{#1}\cdot \vecl{#2}} \newcommand{\matcold}[4]{\begin{pmatrix}#1 & #3 \\ #2 & #4\end{pmatrix}} \newcommand{\matcolt}[9]{\begin{pmatrix}#1 & #4 & #7 \\ #2 & #5 & #8 \\ #3 & #6 & #9\end{pmatrix}} \newcommand{\matsimile}[2]{\overset{\scriptsize L_{#1}\leftrightarrow L_{#2}}{\sim}} \newcommand{\matsimils}[2]{\overset{\scriptsize #2L_{#1}\rightarrow L_{#1}}{\sim}} \newcommand{\matsimilc}[3]{\overset{\scriptsize #2L_{#1}+L_{#3}\rightarrow L_{#3}}{\sim}} \newcommand{\matII}{\begin{pmatrix} 1& 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}} \newcommand{\matIII}{\begin{pmatrix} 1& 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0& 0& 1\end{pmatrix}} \DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min} \DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max} \DeclareMathOperator{\sech}{sech} \DeclareMathOperator{\csch}{csch} \DeclareMathOperator{\arcsec}{arcsec} \DeclareMathOperator{\arccot}{arccot} \DeclareMathOperator{\arccsc}{arccsc} \DeclareMathOperator{\arccosh}{arccosh} \DeclareMathOperator{\arcsinh}{arcsinh} \DeclareMathOperator{\arctanh}{arctanh} \DeclareMathOperator{\arcsech}{arcsech} \DeclareMathOperator{\arccsch}{arccsch} \DeclareMathOperator{\arccoth}{arccoth} \DeclareMathOperator{\dom}{dom} \DeclareMathOperator{\Ima}{Im} \DeclareMathOperator{\cis}{cis} \DeclareMathOperator{\Arg}{Arg} \DeclareMathOperator{\vspan}{span} \renewcommand{\Re}{\operatorname{Re}} \newcommand{\CQFD}{\begin{flushright} $\blacksquare$ \end{flushright}} \newcommand{\cqfd}{\begin{flushright} $\Box$ \end{flushright}} \newcommand{\lt}{<} \newcommand{\gt}{>} \newcommand{\amp}{&} \definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9} \newcommand{\fillinmath}[1]{\mathchoice{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\displaystyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\textstyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\scriptstyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\scriptscriptstyle\phantom{\,#1\,}$}}} \)