Sauter au contenu\(\require{cancel}
\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\Q}{\mathbb{Q}}
\newcommand{\N}{\mathbb{N}}
\newcommand{\Complex}{\mathbb{C}}
\newcommand{\D}{\mathbb{D}}
\newcommand{\Prob}[1]{\mathbb{P}\left(#1\right)}
\newcommand{\Probc}[2]{\mathbb{P}\left(#1~\left|\right .~#2\right)}
\newcommand{\E}[1]{\mathbb{E}\left(#1\right)}
\newcommand{\Ec}[2]{\mathbb{E}\left(#1~\left|\right .~#2\right)}
\newcommand{\indicator}[1]{1{\hskip -2.5 pt}\hbox{I}_{\left\{ {#1} \right\} }}
\newcommand{\pfrac}[2]{\left(\frac{#1}{#2}\right)}
\newcommand{\RH}{\overset{\text{\scalebox{0.8}{ R.H.}}}{=}}
\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\left\|#1\right\|}
\newcommand{\abs}[1]{\left|#1\right|}
\newcommand{\vecl}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}}
\newcommand{\vecd}[2]{\begin{pmatrix}#1 \\ #2\end{pmatrix}}
\newcommand{\vecddd}[3]{\begin{pmatrix}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3\end{pmatrix}}
\newcommand{\pscal}[2]{\vecl{#1}\cdot \vecl{#2}}
\newcommand{\matcold}[4]{\begin{pmatrix}#1 & #3 \\ #2 & #4\end{pmatrix}}
\newcommand{\matcolt}[9]{\begin{pmatrix}#1 & #4 & #7 \\ #2 & #5 & #8 \\ #3 & #6 & #9\end{pmatrix}}
\newcommand{\matsimile}[2]{\overset{\scriptsize L_{#1}\leftrightarrow L_{#2}}{\sim}}
\newcommand{\matsimils}[2]{\overset{\scriptsize #2L_{#1}\rightarrow L_{#1}}{\sim}}
\newcommand{\matsimilc}[3]{\overset{\scriptsize #2L_{#1}+L_{#3}\rightarrow L_{#3}}{\sim}}
\newcommand{\matII}{\begin{pmatrix} 1& 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}}
\newcommand{\matIII}{\begin{pmatrix} 1& 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0& 0& 1\end{pmatrix}}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}
\DeclareMathOperator{\sech}{sech}
\DeclareMathOperator{\csch}{csch}
\DeclareMathOperator{\arcsec}{arcsec}
\DeclareMathOperator{\arccot}{arccot}
\DeclareMathOperator{\arccsc}{arccsc}
\DeclareMathOperator{\arccosh}{arccosh}
\DeclareMathOperator{\arcsinh}{arcsinh}
\DeclareMathOperator{\arctanh}{arctanh}
\DeclareMathOperator{\arcsech}{arcsech}
\DeclareMathOperator{\arccsch}{arccsch}
\DeclareMathOperator{\arccoth}{arccoth}
\DeclareMathOperator{\dom}{dom}
\DeclareMathOperator{\Ima}{Im}
\DeclareMathOperator{\cis}{cis}
\DeclareMathOperator{\Arg}{Arg}
\DeclareMathOperator{\vspan}{span}
\renewcommand{\Re}{\operatorname{Re}}
\newcommand{\CQFD}{\begin{flushright}
$\blacksquare$
\end{flushright}}
\newcommand{\cqfd}{\begin{flushright}
$\Box$
\end{flushright}}
\newcommand{\lt}{<}
\newcommand{\gt}{>}
\newcommand{\amp}{&}
\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}
\newcommand{\fillinmath}[1]{\mathchoice{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\displaystyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\textstyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\scriptstyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\scriptscriptstyle\phantom{\,#1\,}$}}}
\)
